PART 160
Martin Howard Collection
Samuel
John Seifried gets a bum rap in typewriter history. He’s been given nothing
like the credit he so richly deserves. Not only did Seifried invent the stand-out Munson/Chicago
typewriter on his own (with no more than financial encouragement from the Munson brothers),
but without him the Hall Braille typewriter and the Hall Braille stereotypemaker
would not have been made. The Braille typewriter was the first
successful mechanical point writer and helped make Braille the dominant form of
written communication for the blind.
Designed and built by Samuel Seifried
Some histories stretch credibility by linking James
Eugene Munson with Seifried and the Munson/Chicago typewriter. James Eugene Munson was no relation to the Munson typewriter people and had no connection to them or their typewriter. He was a New York court stenographer who
invented the “Munson
System” of shorthand, a machine for operating the typewriter by
telegraph and a type-setting machine.
Note the Chicago in this ad is made by the Galesburg Writing Machine Company
The
Munson/Chicago typewriter was exclusively the work of Seifried. And it had a remarkably long production life of 27 years,
during which time it was manufactured by three different companies – first from
1890 as the Munson, by the Munson Typewriter Manufacturing Company, then from
1898 as the Chicago, initially by the Chicago Writing Machine Company, and finally, from 1912 to 1917, by the Galesburg Writing Machine Company. Harry A.Bates, who introduced the pay
typewriter station, was this last-named company’s executive, based in Galesburg,
before he returned to Underwood.
The Munson/Chicago typewriter was also marketed another a vast array of other names: the
Baltimore, Competitor, Conover (by Lowar Spencer Bartlett in Chicago), Draper,
Galesburg, Ohio, Standard and Yale being among them. There was also, apparently,
a Hebrew-language Mizpah, with the carriage moving left to right.
The longevity
of the Munson/Chicago is all the more praiseworthy in that it kept being produced
during a period, from 1893, when by and large typewriter makers were one by one
settling on what we would now describe as a conventional design: that is, with
a typebasket, ribbon spools either side
of it, and upstroke typing. The Hammond, Oliver and Blickensderfer continued to
be, of course, notable exceptions.
Samuel Seifried was issued with a patent for this unusual typewriter
on this day in 1895
What has
not been previously mentioned in typewriter histories is that on this day in
1895, Samuel Seifried came up with a yet another completely different
typewriter. This one had two type elements in between ribbon spools positioned
very much as on the Crandall. The typesleeves, or cylinders, rotated and
shifted and met the paper with “considerable force”, to allow for manifolding.
Seifried
assigned this design to the Munson company, but the Munsons were clearly content to
concentrate on the earlier Seifried design.
Martin Howard Collection
On the
front of the Chicago can be seen the three dates on which the patents relating
to the Munson/Chicago were issued. The first of these, on September 17, 1889,
is actually for a typewriter with the ribbon spools on top, again much like the
Crandall. The idea was that “The inking-ribbon passes around the guide-pulleys
and extends in a vertical plane between the typesleeve and the sheet of paper
or the rubber platen.”
The first Munson design
This
obviously didn’t work and for the second of the three Munson/Chicago patents,
issued on February 10, 1891, the ribbon spools are positioned side by side in
front of the typing point and wind over the typesleeve. This was an idea
Seifried would return to for the Munson No 3 of 1897.
The second Munson design
In the
meantime, however, for his third Munson/Chicago patent, issued on May 3, 1892,
Seifried came up with the design we know and love, with the ribbon spools one
under the other in front of the typing point. Seifried applied for this patent
in August 1891, and by then, it seems, the machine was already well into production.
The final Munson design
The first
of these three patents were assigned to Frederick Woodbury Munson and his
brother Louis Lee Munson, who were to then set up the Munson Typewriter Company
(Louis died before the machine went into production, in 1890). The second and
third patents were assigned to the Munson Typewriter Company, of Chicago.
Frederick Woodbury Munson
It has
always been assumed that once Edgar Arnold Hill took over the Munson company in
1898 and renamed it the Chicago Writing Machine Company, Seifried had no more
to do with the development of his machine. Not so. Seifried continued to patent
improvements to the typewriter, assigning these to Hill’s company from 1901
through to 1903, when he started working on telephone brackets for the Chicago
Writing Machine Company.
Hill,
born in Middletown, Vermont, in February 1847, was an opportunist Chicago
businessman and manufacturer – a man whose interests ranged from baby
carriages, doll carts, wagons, hobby horses and other toys to novelty
manufacturing and even yeast. In 1873 he had built a frame factory in
Sheboygan, a town with which he maintained close connections.
Samuel
John Seifried was born in Clifton, Missouri, on February 3, 1867. His
interest in typewriter design was heightened by a much older associate, an
experienced inventor in Thomas Benjamin Harrison (born Maquoketa,
Iowa, February 16, 1836). In 1887, while living in Anderson, Indiana, Harrison
invented a typewheel index typewriter, the patent for which Seifried witnessed.
Harrison
and Seifried went on to work together for the Munson Typewriter Company in
Chicago, Harrison as works superintendent and Seifried as designer. In March 1892, at
about the time Seifried had completed his final design for the Munson typewriter,
he and Harrison were approached by Frank Haven Hall to make a Braille
typewriter.
Frank Haven Hall
Hall, who
was superintendent of the Illinois Institute for the Education of the Blind, in
Jacksonville, had been working on the idea of such a machine, but he was neither an
inventor nor an engineer. In 1892 he asked Gustave Adolph “Gus” Sieber (born
Nashville, Tennessee, March 1864), a Jacksonville electrician (not a gunsmith,
as is incorrectly claimed in other histories) to make him a prototype.
Martin Howard Collection
Sieber
later recalled, “While handling all the electrical work I possibly could, I
still had time to make the Braille writing machine in 1892. Mr Hall … came to me
and asked me if I could make a writer for the blind. I pursued
with my own ideas and developed what is known as the Braille writer.”
Over 16
and a quarter hours of his “spare” time, Sieber, working at a rate of 40 cents
an hour, made the prototype for $65. Sieber advised Hall to take the model to a
machine shop in Chicago, where proper patterns and punches could be provided. By
what Hall said were “a fortunate chain of circumstances”, he found Harrison and
Seifried at the Munson company. Harrison and Seifried fulfilled Hall's requirement, that
the Braille writers be made as cheaply as possible, and Hall declared that
their work “was a labour of love”. Seifried and Harrison built six pilot models,
one a larger model for a Professor E.D.Campbell in Michigan, and then manufactured 94
machines, which were delivered to the Jacksonville school for a total of
$940.29. Twenty machines were retained by the Jacksonville school and the others
were sold to individuals and schools, first for $12 and later for $14. Fourteen
went to a Boston school, nine to St Louis, 12 to Philadelphia, six to Alabama,
two to California, five to England, and 32 to individuals in the US.
Although
it was made with the words “Patents Pending” decaled on top, this Braille
typewriter was never patented, as Hall was determined no one individual, most
especially himself, should profit from it. So the question of who should
actually be given the credit for designing it has vexed historians for more
than 60 years. Paul Lippman and Michael Adler say the inventors were Hall,
Sieber and Harrison, leaving the actual designer, Seifried, out of it
altogether. Sieber claimed it was his design, since he had built the prototype
from Hall’s instructions. Fair enough. But Seifried designed the final, viable and marketable product.
The first
machines made by Harrison and Seifried arrived in Jacksonville on May 27, 1892,
and Hall gave a demonstration to a reporter from the Jacksonville Journal, who wrote a most enthusiastic report. The public
first saw the machine at an exhibition of the work of the Institution for the
Education of the Blind on June 7, 1892, when five students competed against
each other in a speed trial.
The winner wrote 85 words a minute from memory,
and 31 words a minute from dictation. It was then demonstrated at Brantford, Ontario,
by Hall's daughter, Nina, who achieved 100 words a minute.
Hall
himself quickly moved on to thoughts of using his Braille writer as a basis for developing
a machine which could make Braille stereotype typesetting plates. His idea was
to apply increased power through a foot pedal to do the embossing.
Toward
the end of 1892, Hall again when to Chicago to appeal to Seifried and Harrison,
who once more succeeded in turning Hall’s dream into a reality, designing and
making just such a machine. Hall had tried paper stiffened with shellac and
heavy tinfoil backed by cement, but Seifried and Harrison triumphed with the
use of copper sheets.
The machine
was called the Hall Stereotypemaker. And it revolutionised the printing of
books and other materials for the blind.
Hall
returned to Jacksonville with one of these machines on January 5, 1893, and it was
first exhibited at the Chicago Columbian Exposition World's Fair in May that
year (the same show that launched the Blickensderfer on an unsuspecting world).
Harrison died two years later, on August 13, 1895, aged 59, leaving ongoing
work on the Hall machines exclusively to Seifried.
Although
Seifried went back to working on out-and-out typewriters, this time for Hill’s
Chicago Writing Machine Company, he was to devote most of the last 10
years of his life to the Braille machines, including a tactile map making
machine. When he died on December 29, 1912, aged just 45, Seifried was described
as a “manufacturer of machines for the blind”. Typewriters per se weren’t
mentioned. Seifried was buried back in his home town of Clinton, Missouri.
Frank
Haven Hall was born in Mechanic Falls, Maine, on February 9, 1841. He died on January
3, 1911, aged 69.
After
Seifried’s death the Cooper Manufacturing Company took over the Braille writer.
When M.B. Skinner bought out Cooper in 1921, the Hall Braille writer was
re-designed and continued to be sold until Cooper passed the design, dies and
tools to the American Foundation for the Blind in 1930. AFB assembled a few
additional machines from parts in stock, but at the same time was developing
its own machine, the Foundation Writer.
See ETCetera
No 57, March 2002, for Carol B.Tobe’s history of Braille writers.
For Munson/Chicago typewriter images in this post I am deeply indebted to the Martin Howard Collection.
