On This Day in Typewriter History (CXXII & Last FTB*)

SEPTEMBER 19

MATTHAIS SCHWALBACH:

THE FORGOTTEN MAN IN THE

SHOLES & GLIDDEN PROJECT

As we approach the great event in Milwaukee on October 6, the designation of the Sholes & Glidden typewriter as a “Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark”, it is timely to look again at those who contributed to the making of this machine, which proved to be one of the most significant breakthroughs in the history of communications.

The Committee on History and Heritage of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers has accepted Thomas Fehring’s nomination to declare the Sholes & Glidden such a landmark, and the ceremony will be held on October 6 at 3pm at the Milwaukee Public Museum. The museum has five of the 1873 Milwaukee-made S & G typewriters – all of which were built under the skilled foremanship of one Matthias Schwalbach.

As well, it was Schwalbach who made the first four-bank typewriter keyboard, albeit in alphabetical order; QWERTY was yet to come when in February 1871 Schwalbach presented Christopher Latham Sholes with the formation, if not the actual configuration, of the keyboard which has survived on typewriters to this day.

Schwalbach kept the original piano keys keyboard he had stripped off the growing S & G and in the early 1890s gave it to Wisconsin historian Frederic Heath, then a journalist with the Milwaukee Sentinel. It was Heath who wrote “The Typewriter in Wisconsin” in the March 1944 Wisconsin Magazine of History.

Schwalbach built the new keyboard with keytops on rods rising from the front ends of type levers hinged at the back of the machine. It was many years before that arrangement would change.
Then there was the space bar:

From The Typewriter and The Men Who Made It, Richard N. Current (1954)

In past posts in this series, we have looked closely at the leading figures in the early development of the Sholes & Glidden, from Sholes and Carlos Glidden themselves to Samuel Willard Soulé, James Densmore, Walter Jay Barron and George Washington Newton Yost.
One major contributor who often tends to be overlooked in all this is Schwalbach.

From The Story of the Typewriter 1873-1923, Herkimer County Historical Society (1923)

The extent of Schwalbach’s involvement is apparent in the evidence that, on this day in 1876, 135 years ago today, he and Sholes were jointly granted a patent for an improvement to the Sholes & Glidden.

This patent represents the only time Schwalbach had been, as it were, “officially” recognised for his contribution to the typewriter – that is, apart from an in-house “agreement of trust” drawn up and signed by the owners of the Sholes & Glidden on November 16, 1872.
Among other things, the agreement empowered Densmore to buy from Schwalbach his rights to this pending patent, which had been applied for on March 30, 1872.
Thus the inclusion of Schwalbach’s name on the patent document not only reflects his part in the Sholes & Glidden’s development, but at the time it ensured him of ongoing reimbursement for his efforts.
Most histories of the typewriter refer to Schwalbach’s work on the Sholes & Glidden, but the question of how important this was remains open. He is usually regarded as just one of the artisans who worked at Carl Friedrich (“Charles”) Kleinsteuber’s “Brass Foundery” small machinery workshop in Milwaukee, and who were employed by Sholes and his partners in helping them build prototypes during the very earliest days of the typewriter.

“The Typewriter in Wisconsin”, Wisconsin Magazine of History (1944)

There was much more to Matthias Schwalbach than that – although it’s not all that apparent from reading perhaps the most detailed and accurate record of how the Sholes & Glidden came to be made.
This is contained in Richard Current’s 1954 book The Typewriter and The Men Who Made It, which fortunately for all typewriter lovers was republished by Post-Era Books in 1988 (and for which we are eternally indebted to the late Dan R. Post).
In this, Current does not exactly heap praise upon Schwalbach’s contribution:

Even more damning of Schwalbach’s work is this 1871 description in a letter written by Densmore:

Nonetheless, this 1876 patent, not specifically referred to by Current, yet for which Densmore acted as attorney, does underline the significant and active extent of Schwalbach’s participation.
As we have seen from previous posts regarding the birth of the S & G, based to a large degree on Current’s own research, Sholes determined, often in consultation with Densmore, the names which would appear on the typewriter’s patents. After Soulé had withdrawn from the project, Glidden had retained a stake in it, and had continued to assist in its development. Yet from 1869 onwards, Sholes had decided to exclude Glidden’s name from patent applications.

For Sholes to include Schwalbach’s name on this 1876 patent signifies the entirely different attitude that Sholes had developed toward Schwalbach’s ideas and work as opposed to Glidden’s ongoing efforts.

From The Story of the Typewriter 1873-1923, Herkimer County Historical Society (1923)

Frederic Heath, “The Typewriter in Wisconsin”, Wisconsin Magazine of History (1944)

What’s more, Schwalbach was hardly a “very bungling coarse workman”, as Densmore claimed. He most certainly wasn’t “bred a blacksmith” – clock making went back in his family at least three generations (and all were called Matthias).
At the very time the S & G enterprise had started, Schwalbach was working on his own intricate designs, for sewing machines and clocks. He was himself by profession a clock and watch maker, and that is simply not the ideal occupation for someone whose work is bungling and course.
The 1876 patent relates to a guide rack or reed, a vibratory frame and a lifting-spring.

It can be seen from the drawing attached to this patent that this machine still has what Sholes referred to as the “slotted disk" – it is marked as “B” and relates to what is called a “radially-slotted annular disk within an aperture of the top-plate (“A2”).
Sholes had actually decided to dispense with this device altogether in September 1870 – because of sticking typebars. However, it was still to prove more useful in terms of the typewriter’s wear and tear and maintaining its alignment that any alternative that Sholes, Barron, Glidden and Schwalbach could come up with.

This patent appears to represent one option, which was to keep the slotted disk but avoid the sticking typebars. According to Current, the suggestion of spring-metal hangers had come from Barron, and had appealed to Sholes and Schwalbach at a time when these two, along with Barron and Glidden, were at loggerheads over how to fix the problem (much to Densmore's frustration) – Sholes blaming workmanship and Glidden faulting the design.
The change was incorporated in a patent, taken out in Sholes’s name alone, but not filed until 1878 – it was among the last two Sholes designs patented by Densmore, and only then under pressure from the US Patent Office. The 1878 design (which actually dates from 1871-72) finally abandoned the slotted disk altogether.

From The Typewriter and The Men Who Made It, Richard N. Current (1954)

That Densmore did value Schwalbach’s input was evidenced when, in early June 1872, the Sholes & Glidden project team set about attempting its third and to that date its most serious “systematic” effort to begin manufacturing the typewriter.

Densmore decided Kleinsteuber’s workshop was no longer adequate for the task and rented a wheelwright’s stone building on a narrow strip of land between the Milwaukee River and a disused canal.

Frederic Heath, “The Typewriter in Wisconsin”, Wisconsin Magazine of History (1944)

Densmore hired Schwalbach as foreman of a team of workers. The front page of the Scientific American on August 10, 1872, was devoted to the work in progress.

In an improvised factory, Schwalbach and his team turned out new machines and repaired and remodelled old ones through the summer and fall, all the while under the added strain of constant criticism of their work from Densmore.
Densmore wanted machine-made parts – “without this everlasting filing and fitting, which makes but a botch after it is done”. Yet each new model produced was a little different and a little better than the last.

From The Story of the Typewriter 1873-1923, Herkimer County Historical Society (1923)

At the end of this burst of production activity, on November 16, 1872, Densmore finally drew up and executed the “agreement of trust”. It was the first comprehensive legal document setting out the rights to the S & G invention. Under the agreement, the various owners assigned to Densmore and Sholes, as trustees, all their interests in patents already obtained, pending or to be applied for. With these rights, Densmore and Sholes were empowered to make and sell instruments or licence others to make and sell them. Densmore was also able to acquire other inventions or interests, including those of Schwalbach (such as the 1876 patent) and Soulé, on behalf of the trust.

The agreement, and the effects of it, more or less ended Schwalbach’s involvement with the Sholes & Glidden. The typewriter was henceforth headed for E. Remington & Sons of Ilion, New York, and the like of company mechanical engineers Jefferson Moody Clough and William McKendree Jenne. Schwalbach could return to designing sewing machines and clock escapements.
Mathias Schwalbach was born the son of Mathias and Gertrudis Simon Schwalbach in Malberg (below), a municipality in the district of Bitburg-Prüm, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany, on December 17, 1834.

He arrived in the US in 1857, aged 23, and worked for two years in Albany, New York, as a journeyman in the machine business. Schwalbach then moved to Syracuse, and in May 1863 settled in Milwaukee. He worked for mechanic and engraver “Charles” Kleinsteuber on Tamarack Street for nine years, before establishing his own business, the Star Tower Clock Company, in 1872.
Typewriter histories give Kleinsteuber the first name Charles, which he did later adopt. But he was born Carl Friedrich Kleinsteuber in Tambach in the district of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in Thuringia, Germany, on November 12, 1821. He arrived in the US in 1852 and settled in Milwaukee. Kleinsteuber established a foundry and manufactured machinery, stencils and brass castings. During the Civil War he was permitted by the government to coin pennies for the businessmen of Milwaukee. He was the first agent for sewing machines in Milwaukee.
In his own business, Schwalbach manufactured church and tower clocks, large and small models, and all kinds of small machinery.

He was also a dealer in accordions, clocks and sewing machine fixtures. He patented a sewing machine in 1881 and clock escapements in 1874, 1880 and 1890, all involved with his version of the remontoire (constant force) mechanism and 'free' pendulums.

The sewing machine design is interesting in that Schwalbach actually first patented it in 1866, when his application was witnessed by Soulé and Kleinsteuber. But Schwalbach put it to one side while he worked on the Sholes & Glidden typewriter, then returned to it 15 years later!

Schwalbach's clock company installed up to 70 tower clocks during its 42-year existence. In Schwalbach’s own lifetime, it installed 55 clocks in 11 states. But typewriters, sewing machines and clocks were not all that kept Schwalbach busy. It is claimed that he fathered 24 children and outlived three wives.

In November 1918 Schwalbach was deemed by his family to be mentally incompetent and guardianship proceedings involved his nine living children: Louis, Robert, Gertrude (Boehlein), Mathias, Theodore, Katherine (Walters), Felix, Elizabeth (Lohrer) and Helen (Fishang).
Schwalbach died in Milwaukee on February 29, 1920, aged 86. At the time he was a widower living with his son Robert and Robert’s family. He is buried in the Calvary Cemetery under his own wrought-iron grave monument.

*NOTE TO FOLLOWERS OF THIS SERIES:

“On This Day in Typewriter History” will as of this instalment take a 12-month break and hopefully resume on September 20, 2012, with a post looking at the Tytells and marking the eighth anniversary of the Killian Documents controversy.
It is with great reluctance and considerable misgivings that I put the series on hold. But it is obviously necessary to take a full year’s break in order to pick up the series again in proper sequence. As you can tell, I have already fallen behind by a week in trying to keep abreast with these daily posts.
This is the 122nd instalment, meaning we have covered one full third of a year. The first instalment in the series was posted on May 21, 2011, almost exactly four months ago. In that time I estimate about 200,000 words have been written and more than 1000 patent drawings scanned. This workload, combined with many hundreds of hours of research, has led to the neglect of other things, such as typewriters, typecasting, responding to comments and keeping abreast of the posts of other Typospherians. And quite frankly I have grown tired of it, as I suspect others have as well. This break will also allow me time to go back and tidy up previous posts in the series.
I thank that core of followers - especially Richard Polt, Georg Sommeregger, Rod Bowker, Adwoa, notagain, Ted, Tino and Cameron - who have persistently and consistently waded through all these posts over the past four months and left so many encouraging comments. I hope they will understand and accept the reasons for the break.

On This Day in Typewriter History (CXXI)

SEPTEMBER 18

THE FIRST FRONTSTROKE

TYPEBAR TYPEWRITER

AND WITH IT THE FIRST

FEMALE TYPEWRITER INVENTOR

Olive Serene Tiffany Hynes

On this day in 1888, the Reverend Enoch Dye Prouty and his wife Olive Serene Prouty were issued with a patent for the first frontstroke typewriter.
Olive, born Olive Courtney Bowsher Tiffany in Tiffin, Ohio, on November 9, 1848, thus became the first female to be credited as a typewriter inventor.

Olive and Enoch Prouty (above) were not yet married when their typewriter was patented in England on November 15, 1886, which may explain why Olive appears as Olive S. Hynes on the US patent application.
The couple were married in Chicago a little more than five weeks later, on Christmas Day 1886. The US patent was applied for less than two weeks after that, on January 5, 1887.

Enoch Prouty is perhaps best remembered in typewriter history for a machine he allegedly manufactured but didn’t design, rather than one he did design – with his wife - but didn’t manufacture.
There is even some confusion about the typewriter Prouty did apparently manufacture – one variation of the Pearl. Historian Michael Adler says this was “a substantial linear index machine … mechanically similar to the Sun and manufactured by Enoch Prouty in Chicago in 1887”.

Paul Lippman in American Typewriters (1991) wrote, “The massive size and weight of [this] Pearl may be attributed to Prouty – he manufactured printing presses”. In references to the People’s typewriter, Lippman adds that earlier historian George Carl Mares “incorrectly attributes [it] to Enoch Prouty.”

Adler, however, is clear about the proper place in history of the Prouty-Hynes typewriter. “Full credit rarely given to Enoch Prouty and Olive Hynes … It was the first frontstroke typebar example of what was destined to become the conventional upright. Four-row keyboard, with ribbon (but the ribbon spools were located in the middle of the machine and the ribbon travelled not from side to side but front to back), the typebars located horizontally in a segment in front of the platen.”

In reference to the Grundy typewriter (above and below), for which Arthur Grundy, of Whitestone, New York, applied for a patent on January 18, 1887 (it was granted on June 11, 1889), Adler adds, “The inventor was just 13 days too late to claim the honour of the first such design in the US, pipped at the post by Prouty and Hynes of Chicago, whose invention had already been granted a British patent late the previous year.”

Enoch and Olive were just as clear in stating their objective in their patent application specifications: It was, they said, “to produce an improved typewriter of the kind in which the work done shall be visible to the operator while working”.

In A Condensed History of the Writing Machine (1923), the Grundy was mentioned, but the entry said, “A firm of Prouty & Hynes [firm? More like a partnership, since it was a marriage!] also took patents for a similar machine, differing in the typebar immediate actuating mechanism. The Prouty & Hynes had a push link connection between the key lever and the typebar, whereas the Grundy ... had an immediate bell crank lever and two links to effect the same purpose.”

Earlier, Mares (The History of the Typewriter, 1909) claimed of the Prouty, “This machine was invented in 1886, by Messrs E. Prouty & Company [Messrs! Olive was the ‘Mrs’, not the Messrs!] of Chicago Lawn, Illinois ... It forms the root of origin of the present series of writing machines, although the Daugherty machine was conceived at least two years earlier.
“The Prouty was not a commercial success, and its very name is now forgotten.
“These points are, however, of little importance compared with the novel arrangement of the typebars, which for the first time are made to lie on their backs, with type upward, and herein lay the important feature which was, after many years, to be seized upon as the great advance in modern ideas.”

And in 1917, Charles Vonley Oden wrote in Evolution of the Typewriter, “In response to the requirements of a universal demand many efforts were made to invent a machine that could produce and continue visible writing from the first to the last word. In 1888, E. Prouty, of Chicago, Illinois, invented as frontstroke machine to which he gave his name.

"Mr Prouty [no mention of Mrs Prouty here] more nearly accomplished the desired result than any former inventor, but he failed in that the writing was hidden to the extent of the width of the ribbon. This machine, therefore, contained nothing more than an idea, which, having been sown in the fertile mind of genius, took root and produced an abundantly satisfactory harvest, as future developments show. The machine embodied the first frontstroke principle, and the writing was visible except at the immediate writing point …”

Paul Lippman was right about Prouty’s primary interest in printing presses. He patented three of them between 1881 and 1892. His first and most successful machine (above) was called the “Grasshopper”, because the cylinder, travelling the length of the bed, was activated by two slotted bars which swung back and forth, resembling the legs of a grasshopper. The nine foot-long press was extremely lightweight, considering the size of sheet it could handle. Seven, eight, and nine column presses invented by Prouty were manufactured in the 1880s by the Wisconsin firm of D. G. Walker & Company, which continued to produce this style of press, with modifications, into the early 20th century.

Because of its modest price, weight and ready source of power (hand), the Prouty printer was adopted by country printers and small town newspapers. The cylinder picked up the sheet from the feed-board, travelled the length of the bed, released the sheet and returned to the feed-board, similar to the action of a modern proof press. The throw-off is in the bed, which descends before the return of the cylinder. Impression is effected by wheels locked underneath the bearers.

It is believed the press built by the Wright Brothers, Wilbur and Orville, was patterned after a Prouty "Grasshopper".
Given Enoch Prouty and his wife Olive were responsible for the “root of origin” of typebar frontstrike typewriters, that “great advance in modern ideas”, let us take a look of their lives. Ladies (especially since she the First Lady in typewriter designing) first …

A Condensed History of the Writing Machine (1923)

Olive Courtney Bowsher Tiffany was born to 21-year-old Palmer Tiffany and his then 17-year-old wife Jemima Bowsher Tiffany, exactly seven months after they were married. Jemima had already been previously married, to a J.C. Stokes.
Olive grew up in Crane, Wyandot, Ohio. In about 1869, aged 21, she married Irish-born Henry Hynes and had three daughters, Celila, Jennie and Lulu. Jennie and Lulu subsequently became Enoch Prouty’s step-daughters and, indeed, Enoch lived his final days with Jennie (Holloway) and her family. Lulu, as Mary Louise Durkee, died in Chicago in 1918.
When Olive married Prouty, she did do as Olive Serene Hynes. When she died, on June 15, 1922, in Arcadia, DeSoto, Florida, aged 73, her death certificate showed her name as Oliver Courtney Prouty. She was buried at Highland Park, Wayne, Michigan, on June 21.
The Reverend (yes, yet another one!) Enoch Dye Prouty was born on May 1, 1844, at Richland, Ohio, the son of Barnabas Prouty and Rebecca Trumbo Prouty. The family moved to Wisconsin and settled in Bear Lake, Sauk County, in 1854.

Oden (1917)

Enoch first married Charlotte Woodman Weller in 1865, and they had four children: Lodema Ellen (1866-1945, later Gorham), Minerva Elma (1867-1934, later Welsh), Pearl Winnie (1875-1935, later Lambert, later Cumming) and Harry Leland (1884-1960, married Marie Sobish). Enoch and Charlotte divorced; she remarried and died in Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1933.
Enoch Prouty was ordained February 14, 1870, and was pastor of Baptist churches at Spring Green, Boscobel and Mazomanie, all in Wisconsin. He was a member of the Wisconsin State Board of Missionaries. While pastor at Boscobel, in 1881, he invented what is known as the Prouty Power Printing Press, “which became celebrated as the cheapest and one of the best printing presses manufactured”. He published a paper called the Temperance Watchman, using one of his own presses.
While living in Beloit, Wisconsin, in 1884, Prouty further developed his printing press. By 1886 he had given up church work to concentrate on his printing presses, basing his own company in Chicago.
Starting in 1895, until 1911, Prouty devoted most his inventing efforts on motor vehicles. He patented car power transmitters (1892, 1893, 1896, 1906), a steam condenser (1892), emergency rail and car brakes (1895), fuel-feed gasoline or vapour engines (1896-1904), clutch (1900), “sill skeleton for car frames” (1906), car truck (1907) and shock absorbers (1910-11). Many of his patents were assigned, wholly or partly, to Olive, including his final printing press, in 1892.
In 1910 Enoch and Olive were living in Geary, Kansas, and by 1920 Prouty had taken up farming at Arcadia, DeSoto, Florida. After Olive died there, Enoch moved in with his step-daughter and her family in Highland Park, Wayne, Michigan.

Enoch Prouty died on September 1, 1935, at Oakland, Michigan, aged 91.

The first woman to patent a typewriter invention alone was Leonie Welspiel, of San Francisco, with a design for which the patent was issued on March 13, 1894. Leonie was born Leonie Jacobina (or Jacqueline) Welspiel in Boston on November 4, 1869, the daughter of Wilhelm and Clementine Limberger Welspiel, both German, or Austrian-German. The family had moved to Oakland, California, by 1880.

Leonie married a Petaluma, California, German-born farmer called Frank Lamberger, who later managed a restaurant in Alameda, California. They had a son called Ludwick.