prax·is (prӑk’sĭs)
n. pl. prax·es (prӑk’sēz’)
1. Practical application or exercise of a branch of learning.
2. Habitual or established practice; custom.
[Medieval Latin prāxis, from Greek prāxis, from prāssein, prāg-,
to do.]
I have no learning in electrical appliances, but a practical application
got my Olivetti Praxis 48 electric typewriter working
without its designated power cord.
One typewriter which would most definitely have been included in
my exhibition at the Canberra Museum and Gallery – if I had owned one when the
selection process was underway – is the Olivetti Praxis 48.
Unfortunately, however, my Praxis 48 arrived here two days after
the exhibition opened. To my eyes, the Praxis 48 is a far more striking example
of Ettore Sottsass’s design genius than the typewriter for which he is most
famous: the Olivetti Valentine.
I fell head over heels in love with the Praxis 48 the moment I first saw one. I think it was the green keytops that did it. As I admired the
machine behind its glass case, however, I also noted the finely corrugated side
and back panels, and the way the keyboard juts out at the front at a 90 degree
angle to the housing, and "floats" above the writing surface.
This was in 2007, and the Praxis 48 was in a display cabinet at
the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney, where I had gone to see the museum’s Sholes
and Glidden.
Matthew Connell, the Powerhouse’s curator in charge of its
typewriter collection, noticed my interest in the Praxis 48. “We now have a
policy in place against accepting ad hoc donations," he explained. "A chap [William Law] drove
up to the boom gates here and offered to give us a typewriter. The policy was
explained to him, so he said in that case he’d just have to dump it somewhere. A call was put
through and when it became apparent what the typewriter was, it was decided to
bend the rules a little and accept the gift.”
With the Powerhouse Praxis 48, the ribbon colour selector switch
appears to be on the left and the on-off switch on the right?
My envy of the Powerhouse owning such a gift turned me as
green as the Praxis 48 keytops!
I vowed and declared I had to have one. But for five years I
kept a careful daily watch on typewriters coming up for sale on Australian
eBay, even adding “Praxis 48” to a wish list, but none appeared. On one occasion, a Praxis 48 was
listed on US eBay, and I was prepared to consider the cost of shipping this
small yet hefty electric to Australia. But the owner, in all fairness to him,
insisted that the machine was not alone not in working order, it was definitely
beyond fixing.
In the meantime, I haunted op-shops in the vain hope of finding one the way Alan Seaver had. At the Fyshwick Salvation Army store, a sign saying, "Praxis 48", with my phone number beside it, hung on the check-out wall for many a year. It can now come down.
Finally, after so long a wait, a Praxis 48 was listed in
Melbourne on June 29, for $10. My chance had come, and I didn’t miss it.
The Powerhouse Museum’s Praxis 48 is in fact an
Olivetti-Underwood model and was made in Don Mills in the North
York district of Toronto, Canada.
Mine is an Olivetti made in Ivrea, Italy.
There is also a Praxis 48 in the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, where
the claim is made that Sottsass collaborated in the design with Czech Hans von Klier. There is no indication in the patent applications,
however, that this is the case.
What is revealing about Sottsass’s patent is that he took his
lead from a 1959 Royal electric designed by Charles Jaworski, of West Hartford,
Connecticut (also largely responsible for the design of the Royal Safari
portable).
Going back even further, Sottsass came up the idea of the
keyboard “floating” out from the body of the machine from a 1950 design by
Robert H.Hose, of New York, and Ralph A.Larsson, of Chicago, for the Teletype
Model 28 page printer.
Bob Hose, born in Sleepy Eye, Minnesota, in 1915, started at
Bell Labs under consultant Henry Dreyfuss in 1939. He joined the Dreyfuss
organisation as an associate in 1946, and later became a partner. While with
Dreyfuss, Hose was an unsung contributor to the design of a number of Dreyfuss
telephones, including the 500 (1949), the wall mounted phone (1956), the first
push-button phone (1958), the Princess phone (1959), as well as Hoover products
including the Constellation (1955).
Bob Hose
Somehow, too, Sottsass got the 1964 Aztec 700 manual portable typewriter into the equation – but
I can’t work out quite how!
Martin Rice Collection
As with so many of these electric Olivettis, the power cord was
missing from my Praxis 48. (I had only just a few weeks earlier received a request
from a forensic science laboratory in Sydney, asking if I had a spare Praxis cord!)
Experts in the field of electric typewriters, such as Peter
Brill - visiting Canberra for my exhibition - pointed out that Olivetti used a
singular power connection, as it did with other typewriter components, like the ribbon spools. There was no way a more universal cord could be used on these
mid-60s Olivettis, with a jack of three small, round pins requiring a peculiar
female plug.
My search of electrical shops confirmed this, with electricians
shaking their heads and saying they’d never seen a jack quite like it. None of
them stocked a terminal that would go anywhere near it.
In desperation, I tried something completely different – and it
worked. I took the cover plate off the bottom of the Praxis 48, snipped the two
wires attached to the power connection and reattached these two wires to a
standard power cord, using screw-down safety clamps.
It worked a treat. Having
thoroughly tested this arrangement, I can say it is completely safe. Anyone
trying this might like to extend the wires out from underneath the machine, to
ensure the typewriter continues to sit flat on all four boots.
For me, this
“re-wiring” was a most satisfactory alternative to an unobtainable specialist Olivetti power cord, and turned a
machine that might have been just a showpiece into a fully functioning model. I
couldn’t be more pleased with it.
Alan Seaver Collection
Many other Typospherians and collectors, such as Peter Baker and
Alan Seaver, have acquired a Praxis 48. Like them, I would normally shy away from electric typewriters, but in the case of the Praxis 48 I
found it irresistible. Peter posted on Praxis 48 his last August, on his Manual Entry
blog. See.
On his Machines of Loving Grace website, Alan says, “The Praxis
48 is one of Ettore Sottsass's less famous designs for Olivetti. Although not
terribly remarkable from a modern perspective, this electric was fairly radical
when it was introduced in 1964. One wonders if there isn’t a bit of Frank Lloyd
Wright inspiration in the cantilevered keyboard and abundant right angles. The
ribbon cover comes forward and tilts down in what may be a deliberate echo of
the Studio 42. Inside, the ribbon spools are mounted almost vertically. Its
power cord went missing long before I found the Praxis on a thrift store shelf,
but it's nonetheless a significant enough model in the history of typewriter
design to merit displaying.”
Alan has scanned in the Praxis 48 manual, a PDF of which can be
found here.
GTHawk is another Praxis 48 owner. In 2009, David Hill wrote,
“You never know where you might discover a classic of modern design. People
sometimes end up with classics without even knowing it … My favourite is when
they show up at garage sales, thrift stores or on eBay. A designer friend of
mine once bought a fully functional typewriter designed by Ettore Sottsass at
the local Goodwill store for $5 [no, Sottsass actually designed it elsewhere!]. The model he scored was the Olivetti Praxis 48,
released in 1964. It is a true beauty that you can see at design museums all
over the world. Sottsass creatively juxtaposed hard ribbed forms with
soft colourful keys that make me smile every time I see them. One man's
trash is another man's treasure."
Sydney's Powerhouse Museum says of its Praxis 48 that Sottsass “went
beyond the traditional bounds of office design, efficiency for efficiency's
sake, by including considerations about the object’s symbolic and psychological
functions. The Praxis has been cited as an example of this in that it ‘gave a
new identity to the typewriter: with its carriage at the same level as the
machine body, it was a small, light, compact electric machine’. Domus, a contemporary design journal,
described the Praxis 48 as ‘almost a toy, a decorative object which can be left
on the table’.
“The styling of Olivetti products and the awareness (design as
an appendage of contemporary life rather than a piece of office-bound
machinery) of the human relationship with the machine at this time (c 1965) put
Olivetti in a league of its own.”
The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art Praxis 48 (above) has inspired
work in polygonal modelling, using modo, the package developed by Luxology.
Some more images of my Praxis 48:
